When observed, Photon A takes on an up-spin state. The photons can be separated by a large distance, hundreds of miles or even more. A laser beam fired through a certain type of crystal can cause individual photons to be split into pairs of entangled photons. Entanglement occurs when a pair of particles, such as photons, interact physically. Spin is depicted here as an axis of rotation, but actual particles do not rotate. The phenomenon so riled Albert Einstein he called it "spooky action at a distance." The rules of quantum physics state that an unobserved photon exists in all possible states simultaneously but, when observed or measured, exhibits only one state. In quantum physics, entangled particles remain connected so that actions performed on one affect the other, even when separated by great distances.
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